Quick Answer — What is Thymosin Alpha-1?
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1; clinically Thymalfasin / Zadaxin) is a synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide (CAS 62304-98-7 free, 62304-94-3 acetate; MW 3,108.3 g/mol) corresponding to the N-terminal 28 residues of the natural thymus-derived prothymosin precursor. Sequence: Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH. Mechanism: activates TLR9 and TLR2 on dendritic cells and macrophages, drives Th1-polarised T-cell maturation, increases CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation, and enhances IFN-γ / IL-2 cytokine production. Clinically approved in 35+ countries (under brand Zadaxin) for chronic hepatitis B and C, and used as immune-support adjuvant in oncology research. For laboratory research use only. Defined single-sequence 28-aa peptide — distinct from the multi-component Thymalin polypeptide preparation.
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| Specyfikacja | Szczegóły |
|---|---|
| Klasa związku | Synthetic 28-aa immunomodulatory peptide (prothymosin α N-terminal fragment); TLR9/TLR2 agonist; defined single-sequence thymic peptide |
| Nazwa chemiczna | Thymosin Alpha-1 (synonyms: Tα1, Thymalfasin, Zadaxin) |
| Numer CAS | 62304-98-7 (free peptide); 62304-94-3 (acetate salt) |
| Sekwencja | Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH (28 amino acids; N-terminal acetylation; corresponds to residues 2–29 of prothymosin α) |
| Masa cząsteczkowa | 3,108.3 g/mol |
| Wzór cząsteczkowy | C129H215N33O55; MW 3108.32 g/mol (28-aa N-terminal acetylated peptide, free acid C-terminus). |
| Mechanizm | Activates TLR9 (toll-like receptor 9) on dendritic cells and plasmacytoid DCs, with secondary TLR2 engagement. Downstream effects: MyD88-IRAK-NF-κB signalling cascade; Th1-polarised T-cell maturation; increased CD4+ / CD8+ T-cell proliferation; enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 production; activated NK cell cytotoxicity; modulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg) balance. Net effect is broad immune-restoration / Th1-enhancement. |
| Form / Purity / Storage | Lyophilized white-to-off-white powder, ≥99% HPLC. Store 2–8 °C short-term, −20 °C long-term. Reconstituted: 2–8 °C, use within 30 days. Avoid freeze-thaw. |
| Do celów badawczych | For laboratory research use only. Zadaxin (clinical Tα1) is approved in 35+ countries for chronic HBV and HCV (not FDA-approved in the US). Not on the WADA Prohibited List. |
Mechanism of Action — TLR9 / TLR2 Activation + Th1 Polarisation
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a defined-sequence immune-modulating peptide with extensive characterised mechanism in published research:
- TLR9 agonism on dendritic cells — Tα1 binds TLR9 (an endosomal pattern-recognition receptor normally activated by CpG-DNA motifs) on dendritic cells and plasmacytoid DCs, triggering MyD88 → IRAK → NF-κB signalling. This produces a DC-maturation phenotype with upregulated MHC class II, CD80, CD86 co-stimulatory molecules.
- Secondary TLR2 engagement — Lower-affinity TLR2 binding on macrophages and DCs contributes additional pro-inflammatory cytokine output.
- Th1-polarised T-cell maturation — Mature TLR9-activated DCs prime CD4+ T cells toward Th1 differentiation; IL-12 from activated DCs is the key Th1-polarising signal.
- CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell expansion — Tα1-treated cohorts show measurable increase in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with reduced CD4+/CD8+ ratio normalisation.
- NK-cell cytotoxicity enhancement — IL-12-driven NK activation produces increased IFN-γ output and enhanced tumour-cell / virus-infected-cell killing.
- Regulatory T-cell (Treg) modulation — Published research has documented Tα1-mediated effects on Treg homeostasis with reduced FoxP3+ Treg proportion in chronic-infection contexts.
Opublikowane zastosowania badawcze
- Chronic HBV and HCV research — most-published clinical application; Zadaxin approved in 35+ countries for these indications
- Oncology immune-support research — used in published research as immunoadjuvant in melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer protocols
- HIV / immunosuppressed-host research — CD4+ T-cell expansion in published HIV-research contexts
- Sepsis / severe-infection immune-modulation research — Tα1 has been investigated in sepsis-immunoparalysis reversal research
- TLR9 pharmacology — Tα1 is one of the canonical peptide TLR9 agonists alongside CpG ODNs
- Vaccine-adjuvant research — Th1-polarising adjuvant utility
For related research peptides see Thymalin (multi-component thymic extract — Khavinson bioregulator class), LL-37 (innate-immunity antimicrobial peptide), Epitalon (Khavinson pineal bioregulator). Browse the full peptide research catalog.
Dostępne mocowania
| Mocowanie fiolki | Rozmiary opakowań |
|---|---|
| 5 mg — standard research; matches Zadaxin clinical-vial-size pattern | 10 lub 20 fiolek |
| 10 mg — extended-protocol or high-dose research; lowest per-mg cost | 10 lub 20 fiolek |
How It Compares — Thymosin Alpha-1 vs Thymalin
Both are thymic immune peptides. Thymosin Alpha-1 is a defined single-sequence 28-amino-acid peptide (CAS 62304-98-7) with well-characterised TLR9/TLR2 mechanism. Thymalin jest multi-component polypeptide preparation extracted from thymic tissue — containing multiple short oligopeptides whose individual sequences vary slightly between batches. For research requiring defined-sequence pharmacology, Thymosin Alpha-1 is the cleaner tool. For research requiring the broader Khavinson-bioregulator-class effect of thymic-extract preparations, Thymalin is the choice.
Przechowywanie i rekonstytucja
Store lyophilized vials at 2–8 °C short-term, −20 °C long-term. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water (1.0 mL per 5 mg vial → 5 mg/mL; 1.0 mL per 10 mg vial → 10 mg/mL). Swirl gently. Store reconstituted at 2–8 °C, use within 30 days.
FAQ
What is the difference between Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymalin?
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a defined synthetic 28-aa peptide with characterised TLR9/TLR2 mechanism. Thymalin is a multi-component thymic tissue extract preparation. See the comparison section above.
Is Thymosin Alpha-1 FDA-approved?
Zadaxin (clinical Thymalfasin) is approved in 35+ countries (China, Italy, others) for chronic HBV and HCV — but is NOT FDA-approved in the US.
What dose ranges are used in research?
Clinical Zadaxin dosing is 1.6 mg SC twice weekly for 6 months in HCV/HBV protocols. Rodent in-vivo research uses 50–200 µg/kg SC. In-vitro DC stimulation typically uses 0.1–10 µg/mL.
Can Thymosin Alpha-1 be combined with other immune peptides?
Yes — published research has examined Tα1 + IFN-α (HCV protocols), Tα1 + checkpoint inhibitors (oncology research), and Tα1 + Thymalin or LL-37 for broader immune-modulation work.
Other Immune / Anti-Microbial Research Peptides
- Thymalin — Multi-component Khavinson-class thymic polypeptide preparation
- LL-37 (Cathelicidin) — Innate-immunity antimicrobial peptide
- Epitalon — Khavinson pineal-axis tetrapeptide
- Selank — Anxiolytic + immune-modulating Russian peptide
- BPC-157 — Tissue-repair pentadecapeptide
- BAC Water (Woda bakteriostatyczna) — Wymagany do rekonstytucji każdej liofilizowanej fiolki — sterylny rozcieńczalnik z 0,9% benzylowym alkoholem jako środkiem konserwującym


























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