Quick Answer — What is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)?
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; CAS 40077-57-4, MW 3,325.79 g/mol) is a synthetic 28-amino-acid neuropeptide identical to native human VIP. Sequence: His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2 (C-terminal amide). Member of the VIP/PACAP / secretin-glucagon superfamily. VIP acts at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors (Gs-coupled GPCRs) to produce a remarkable breadth of physiological effects: vasodilation, intestinal smooth-muscle relaxation, exocrine secretion, neurotransmitter modulation, sleep / circadian regulation, and broad anti-inflammatory / immune-modulating activity. Published research focuses on VIP’s role in Th2-polarised immune-modulation, autoimmune-disease pharmacology (RA, MS, IBD models), and neuroprotection. For laboratory research use only.
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| Specyfikacja | Szczegóły |
|---|---|
| Klasa związku | Synthetic 28-aa neuropeptide; VPAC1 / VPAC2 receptor agonist; secretin-glucagon superfamily member |
| Numer CAS | 40077-57-4 (human VIP) |
| Sekwencja | His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2 (HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN-NH2; 28 aa; C-terminal amide) |
| Masa cząsteczkowa | 3,325.79 g/mol |
| Wzór cząsteczkowy | C147H237N43O43S; MW 3326.78 g/mol (28-aa free-amide neuropeptide). |
| Mechanizm | Binds VPAC1 (broad distribution: lung, GI tract, T cells, brain, liver) and VPAC2 (smooth muscle, mast cells, CNS) with similar affinity (low-nM KD). Both receptors are Gs-coupled — raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, drives downstream tissue-specific effects. Also has lower-affinity engagement of PAC1 receptor (the PACAP-preferred receptor). |
| Form / Purity / Storage | Lyophilized white-to-off-white powder, ≥99% HPLC. Store 2–8 °C short-term, −20 °C long-term (≥36 months). Reconstituted: 2–8 °C, use within 30 days. |
| Do celów badawczych | For laboratory research use only. Not on the WADA Prohibited List. Aviptadil (synthetic VIP formulation) had inhalation-route Phase III research for COVID-19 ARDS but did not gain regulatory approval. |
Mechanism of Action — VPAC1 / VPAC2 Pharmacology
- Dual VPAC1 + VPAC2 agonism — VIP binds both receptors with similar affinity. VPAC1 distribution is broad (lung, GI, T cells, hepatocytes, brain). VPAC2 is concentrated on smooth muscle, mast cells, CNS, and selected immune-cell populations.
- cAMP-PKA cascade — Both VPAC receptors are Gs-coupled, drive adenylate cyclase, raise cAMP, and activate PKA. Downstream tissue-specific effects depend on PKA substrate availability.
- Smooth-muscle relaxation — VPAC2-mediated cAMP rise in airway smooth muscle drives bronchodilation; in GI smooth muscle drives intestinal relaxation; in vascular smooth muscle drives vasodilation.
- Th2-polarised immune modulation — VPAC1 activation on T cells drives Th2 polarisation, suppresses Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-12), reduces TNF-α / IL-6 inflammatory output, increases IL-10 / TGF-β regulatory cytokines. Net effect is anti-inflammatory in autoimmune-disease models (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis).
- Mast-cell modulation — VIP releases histamine from mast cells at high concentrations but can also stabilise mast-cell granule release in some contexts (concentration- and tissue-dependent).
- Neuroprotekcja — VPAC2 on CNS neurons drives PKA-CREB pro-survival signalling; published research in ischaemic stroke, Parkinson’s-disease, and neurodegeneration models has documented neuroprotective effects.
- Circadian regulation — VIP is the master coupling neurotransmitter of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), synchronising individual SCN neurons into the coordinated master clock that drives circadian rhythm.
Opublikowane zastosowania badawcze
- VPAC receptor pharmacology — canonical reference compound for VPAC1/VPAC2 research
- Autoimmune-disease research — published anti-inflammatory effects in RA, MS, IBD, sepsis models
- Pulmonary research — Aviptadil (synthetic VIP inhalation) studied for sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19 ARDS
- Vasodilation pharmacology — historical research on VIP-mediated vascular and erectile function
- Circadian rhythm research — SCN-network coupling pharmacology
- Th1/Th2 polarisation research — VIP is canonical Th2-polarising peptide alongside IL-4
- Neuroprotection / neurodegeneration research — ischaemic stroke, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s models
For related research peptides see Octan oksytocyny (posterior pituitary nonapeptide), Selank (Russian-developed neuropeptide), Semax (nootropic peptide), DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide), Thymosin Alpha-1 (immune modulator). Browse the full peptide research catalog.
Dostępne mocowania
| Mocowanie fiolki | Rozmiary opakowań |
|---|---|
| 5 mg — standard research strength | 10 lub 20 fiolek |
| 10 mg — extended protocols, lower per-mg cost | 10 lub 20 fiolek |
Przechowywanie i rekonstytucja
Lyophilized 2–8 °C short-term, −20 °C long-term. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water (1.0 mL per 5/10 mg vial → 5 / 10 mg/mL). Avoid freeze-thaw. VIP is sensitive to oxidation at the Met-17 residue — protect reconstituted solutions from prolonged air exposure.
FAQ
Is VIP the same as PACAP?
No — they are related (same superfamily) but distinct peptides. PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 are alternative ligands of the same VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors (with PAC1 selectivity not shared by VIP). VIP and PACAP have ~68% sequence identity.
What dose ranges are used in research?
Rodent in-vivo protocols typically use 1–10 nmol/kg SC or IP. In-vitro work uses nanomolar concentrations. Aviptadil clinical inhalation dosing was 100 µg 3× daily in COVID-19 research.
Why is VIP plasma half-life short?
VIP is rapidly degraded by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and other peptidases with plasma half-life of approximately 2 minutes. This makes SC / IP dosing the standard research route; inhalation delivery (Aviptadil) bypasses first-pass plasma clearance for pulmonary indications.
Other Neuropeptide / Immune Research Peptides
- Octan oksytocyny — Posterior pituitary nonapeptide
- Selank — Russian anxiolytic neuropeptide
- DSIP — Delta sleep-inducing peptide
- Thymosin Alpha-1 — Immune-modulating peptide (Th1 polarisation; complementary)
- LL-37 (Cathelicidin) — Innate-immunity antimicrobial peptide
- BAC Water (Woda bakteriostatyczna) — Wymagany do rekonstytucji każdej liofilizowanej fiolki — sterylny rozcieńczalnik z 0,9% benzylowym alkoholem jako środkiem konserwującym


























Opinie
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