SS-31 (Elamipretide)

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What Is SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

SS-31 is a synthetic cell-permeable tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2’6′-dimethyl-L-Tyr-L-Lys-L-Phe, also abbreviated Szeto-Schiller 31) developed by Hazel Szeto and Peter Schiller at Cornell’s Weill Medical College starting in the 1990s. It is also known by its pharmaceutical-development names Elamipretide και Bendavia, and is being developed clinically by Stealth BioTherapeutics.

Unlike most research peptides that bind cell-surface receptors, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted agent that crosses cell and organelle membranes to reach the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds cardiolipin — a phospholipid unique to that location. This selective lipid binding underpins its mechanism of action and distinguishes SS-31 from virtually every other research peptide.

Molecular weight approximately 640 Da. SS-31 has FDA orphan-drug designation for primary mitochondrial myopathy and has been the subject of multiple human clinical trials — placing it further along the clinical development pipeline than most research peptides. It is supplied here as a high-purity lyophilized powder for laboratory research use only (Stealth’s clinical product is a separate regulated therapeutic). For deeper mechanism, Szeto lab research history, and clinical-trial context, see our SS-31 research guide.

Mechanism of Action — Cardiolipin-Targeted Mitochondrial Stabilization

SS-31’s mechanism is unique among research peptides because its target is a phospholipid, not a receptor protein. Three interconnected effects define its pharmacology:

• Cardiolipin binding — SS-31 selectively binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin is a signature lipid found almost exclusively at this location and is essential for the architecture of the cristae (the folded inner-membrane surface where electron-transport-chain complexes cluster). SS-31 binding stabilizes cristae morphology during stress that would otherwise cause cristae disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction.
• ROS reduction and ETC preservation — by preserving cristae architecture, SS-31 maintains the proper organization of electron-transport-chain complexes, preserving ATP synthesis and reducing electron “leakage” that generates reactive oxygen species. In ischemia-reperfusion research models, this translates to reduced oxidative damage and preserved mitochondrial function.
• Prevention of cytochrome c release — mitochondrial apoptosis begins with cytochrome c release from the inner membrane space into the cytoplasm. By preserving cristae structure, SS-31 preserves cytochrome c localization and blocks a critical apoptotic trigger. This is central to its cardiac ischemia-reperfusion research signal.

The practical research implication: SS-31 is the reference mitochondria-targeted research peptide. Where other peptides act at cell-surface receptors, SS-31 acts inside the organelle, preserving mitochondrial function in research models of metabolic stress, ischemia, and aging.

Published Research Applications

SS-31 is used in laboratory research contexts that investigate:

• Primary mitochondrial disease research — rare mitochondrial myopathy research including Barth syndrome; SS-31 has FDA orphan-drug designation for this indication
• Cardiac research — heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion, cardiomyopathy, and cardiotoxicity rescue research (Szeto, AAPS J 2014)
• Renal research — acute kidney injury, ischemia-reperfusion, and chronic kidney disease research (Birk et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2013)
• Aging research — age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, skeletal-muscle aging (sarcopenia), and general cellular-aging markers
• Neuroprotection research — ischemic-stroke and neurodegeneration research where mitochondrial dysfunction is a driver
• Sarcopenia research — skeletal-muscle mitochondrial function and age-related muscle loss research
• Comparative mitochondrial-agent research — side-by-side with NAD+ (mitochondrial coenzyme) and MitoQ (another mitochondria-targeted antioxidant) to isolate mechanism

For broader context on longevity and mitochondrial-research compounds see the research peptides catalog.

Available Strengths and Concentrations

MedsBase stocks SS-31 (Elamipretide) in the following lyophilized vial sizes:

The 50 mg vial size matches the clinical-trial 40 mg/day dose used in Stealth BioTherapeutics’s human research. Preclinical rodent research typically uses smaller vials matched to 1–5 mg/kg body weight. All strengths are supplied as lyophilized powder at 99%+ HPLC purity.

How It Compares — SS-31 vs Other Mitochondrial / Longevity Compounds

SS-31 is part of a small but growing class of mitochondria-targeted research agents. Key comparisons:

SS-31 is distinct because it is the only research peptide targeting a mitochondrial lipid directly. Researchers often study it alongside NAD+ (for complementary sirtuin-pathway coverage) and Epitalon in multi-pathway longevity research protocols.

Storage and Reconstitution

Before reconstitution: store lyophilized vials refrigerated at 2–8 °C in original packaging, stable up to 36 months. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles on the powder.

Reconstitution procedure: inject bacteriostatic water down the side wall of the peptide vial per the chart above. Swirl gently — do δεν shake — and allow 5–10 minutes for full dissolution. Solution should be clear and colourless.

After reconstitution: store refrigerated at 2–8 °C and use within 30 days. Do not freeze reconstituted solution.

Συχνές Ερωτήσεις

What is SS-31 used for in research?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is used in laboratory research investigating mitochondrial disease (including Barth syndrome), cardiac ischemia-reperfusion, heart failure, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, sarcopenia, and neuroprotection. It has FDA orphan-drug designation but is δεν yet FDA-approved for therapeutic use. Sold here strictly for laboratory research use only.

How is SS-31 different from other research peptides?

SS-31 is unique because its target is cardiolipin — a phospholipid on the inner mitochondrial membrane — not a cell-surface receptor. It is cell-permeable and reaches the mitochondrial matrix to stabilize cristae architecture and preserve electron-transport-chain function. Virtually every other research peptide binds receptors on the cell surface.

What is the typical SS-31 research dose?

Stealth BioTherapeutics’ clinical trials have used 40 mg SC daily. Preclinical rodent research typically uses 1–5 mg/kg body weight daily. A 10 mg vial reconstituted with 2.0 mL bacteriostatic water yields 5.0 mg/mL — 100 ticks on a U-100 syringe delivers 5 mg.

Is SS-31 FDA approved?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) has FDA orphan-drug designation for primary mitochondrial myopathy and is in late-stage clinical development by Stealth BioTherapeutics. It is δεν yet fully FDA-approved. All SS-31 sold by research-use-only suppliers is for laboratory investigation, not the clinical-trial therapeutic product.

What does the “SS-31” abbreviation mean?

SS-31 stands for Szeto-Schiller compound 31, after the Cornell researchers Hazel Szeto and Peter Schiller who developed the SS-series of mitochondria-targeted peptides in the 1990s and 2000s. The “31” is simply the compound number in their synthesis series. The compound was later licensed to Stealth BioTherapeutics and renamed Elamipretide (and Bendavia) for clinical development.

How should SS-31 be stored?

Lyophilized vials: refrigerated at 2–8 °C in original packaging, stable up to 36 months. Reconstituted solution: refrigerated at 2–8 °C, use within 30 days. Do not freeze reconstituted solution.

How do I reconstitute SS-31?

Follow the reconstitution chart above. Add bacteriostatic water down the side wall of the vial, swirl gently, and allow 5–10 minutes for full dissolution. Do δεν shake.

Can SS-31 be stacked with NAD+ in research?

Yes — this is a common multi-pathway mitochondrial research combination. SS-31 stabilizes cristae architecture and cardiolipin-dependent ETC function; NAD+ provides coenzyme substrate for the electron-transport chain and downstream sirtuin/PARP signaling. The mechanisms are complementary and non-overlapping.

What strengths does MedsBase stock?

MedsBase carries SS-31 (Elamipretide) in 5 mg, 10 mg, and 50 mg lyophilized vials. Each strength is available in 10-vial or 20-vial pack sizes. All vials are supplied at 99%+ HPLC purity with a certificate of analysis on request.

Does SS-31 cause side effects in research?

Published preclinical and clinical-trial research has reported a favorable safety profile. Most commonly reported effects in the clinical-trial literature are injection-site reactions. Because SS-31 has been studied in multiple human trials (Phase 2 and Phase 3), its safety profile is better-characterised than most research peptides.

Is SS-31 the same as Bendavia or Elamipretide?

Yes. The same compound carries three names: SS-31 (original Szeto-Schiller research designation), Bendavia (Stealth BioTherapeutics early development name), and Elamipretide (international nonproprietary name / INN). Research literature uses SS-31 predominantly; clinical-trial literature uses Elamipretide or Bendavia.

What is the half-life of SS-31?

SS-31 (elamipretide) has a short plasma half-life of approximately 30–60 minutes following subcutaneous administration, but demonstrates prolonged mitochondrial accumulation due to its affinity for cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Tissue half-life in mitochondria-rich organs such as cardiac and skeletal muscle is estimated at several hours beyond plasma clearance.

How does SS-31 target mitochondria specifically?

SS-31 is a Szeto-Schiller peptide with an alternating aromatic-cationic structure (D-Arg-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH₂). This sequence drives accumulation in the inner mitochondrial membrane approximately 1,000-fold above cytoplasmic levels, mediated by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged cardiolipin phospholipid. Cardiolipin binding stabilises electron transport chain complexes and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Can I order SS-31 for international shipping?

Yes. MedsBase ships SS-31 worldwide from our dedicated peptide shipping network. Peptide-only orders qualify for our standalone peptide shipping service. Orders ship in temperature-controlled packaging with full tracking.

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